https://lavryengineering.com/wiki/index.php?title=Jitter&feed=atom&action=historyJitter - Revision history2024-03-28T16:41:00ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.35.1https://lavryengineering.com/wiki/index.php?title=Jitter&diff=1629&oldid=prevBrad Johnson at 23:37, 26 December 20182018-12-26T23:37:43Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 23:37, 26 December 2018</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l3" >Line 3:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*If jitter in the recovered clock signal affects the clocking of conversion, even small amounts of jitter can effectively reduce the resolution far below the theoretical limits of 16-[[24 bit]] conversion.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*If jitter in the recovered clock signal affects the clocking of conversion, even small amounts of jitter can effectively reduce the resolution far below the theoretical limits of 16-[[24 bit]] conversion.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*In purely “digital” transmission such as the digital audio connection between an [[AD converter]] and a recording computer jitter has no effect on the quality of the encoded digital audio, unless it is so extreme that it results in data corruption. When the digital audio data becomes corrupted, the effects are not subtle and are typically in the form of mutes or loud “pops.” However, if the clock recovered from the digital audio is used to clock a [[DA converter]], the conversion quality of the DA may be degraded. This may mislead the listener to conclude that the jitter affected the recording, when in fact it is only affected the reproduction of the recording at that time.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*In purely “digital” transmission such as the digital audio connection between an [[AD converter]] and a recording computer jitter has no effect on the quality of the encoded digital audio, unless it is so extreme that it results in data corruption. When the digital audio data becomes corrupted, the effects are not subtle and are typically in the form of mutes or loud “pops.” However, if the clock recovered from the digital audio is used to clock a [[DA converter]], the conversion quality of the DA may be degraded. This may mislead the listener to conclude that the jitter affected the recording, when in fact it is only affected the reproduction of the recording <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins>at that time.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Basics==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Basics==</div></td></tr>
</table>Brad Johnsonhttps://lavryengineering.com/wiki/index.php?title=Jitter&diff=1628&oldid=prevBrad Johnson at 23:36, 26 December 20182018-12-26T23:36:02Z<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 23:36, 26 December 2018</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Line 1:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Overview==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Overview==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The term "<nowiki>jitter</nowiki>" is used to describe variations in a [[periodic]] signal, which can be in the frequency, [[amplitude]], or [[phase]] of the signal in relationship to the idea [[waveform]] or the waveform at the point of generation. In digital audio; one of the most problematic issues involving jitter is in "clock recovery" from signals transmitted between equipment. If jitter in the recovered clock signal affects the clocking of conversion, even small amounts of jitter can effectively reduce the resolution far below the theoretical limits of 16-[[24 bit]] conversion.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The term "<nowiki>jitter</nowiki>" is used to describe variations in a [[periodic]] signal, which can be in the frequency, [[amplitude]], or [[phase]] of the signal in relationship to the idea [[waveform]] or the waveform at the point of generation. In digital audio; one of the most problematic issues involving jitter is in "clock recovery" from signals transmitted between equipment.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*</ins>If jitter in the recovered clock signal affects the clocking of conversion, even small amounts of jitter can effectively reduce the resolution far below the theoretical limits of 16-[[24 bit]] conversion<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*In purely “digital” transmission such as the digital audio connection between an [[AD converter]] and a recording computer jitter has no effect on the quality of the encoded digital audio, unless it is so extreme that it results in data corruption. When the digital audio data becomes corrupted, the effects are not subtle and are typically in the form of mutes or loud “pops.” However, if the clock recovered from the digital audio is used to clock a [[DA converter]], the conversion quality of the DA may be degraded. This may mislead the listener to conclude that the jitter affected the recording, when in fact it is only affected the reproduction of the recording at that time</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Basics==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Basics==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Because even "digital" signals are actually very high frequency analog signals, the receiving device must reconstruct the signal by means of some form of [[amplitude]] "[[threshold]]." Ideal digital signals have a "zero rise time and zero fall time" which means the change in voltage level between a "1" and a "0" requires no time. In digital circuitry, a "1" is represented by a [[voltage]] level very close to the power supply voltage; which <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in digital circuitry </del>is typically a value like 5 Volts or 3.3 Volts. In the same circuitry, a “0” is represented by a voltage level very close to “0 Volts” or in other words [[ground]]. In order to reduce [[power dissipation]], power supply voltages are being reduced further; but that is beyond the scope of this discussion.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Because even "digital" signals are actually very high frequency analog signals, the receiving device must reconstruct the signal by means of some form of [[amplitude]] "[[threshold]]." Ideal digital signals have a "zero rise time and zero fall time" which means the change in voltage level between a "1" and a "0" requires no time. In digital circuitry, a "1" is represented by a [[voltage]] level very close to the power supply voltage; which is typically a value like 5 Volts or 3.3 Volts. In the same circuitry, a “0” is represented by a voltage level very close to “0 Volts” or in other words [[ground]]. In order to reduce [[power dissipation]] <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in newer designs</ins>, power supply voltages are being reduced further; but that is beyond the scope of this discussion<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Because of the difference between the ideal signal and the real signal, the transition between a “0” and a “1” (between 0 Volts and 5 Volts) takes a finite amount of time; which is referred to as the “rise time.” The reciprocal change from 1 to 0 is referred to as the “fall time.” Thus a threshold is needed to decide ''when'' the signal has changed from a “0” to a “1” (or vice-versa) and this is a voltage threshold which is fixed, by design. If either the amplitude of the signal or the “slope” (rise/fall time) of the signal changes; the signal will cross the threshold at a ''different time'' relative to the waveform at the source; thus effectively changing the amplitude variation into a timing variation.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Although the voltage threshold is “fixed,” variations in the voltage of the power supply on which the digital circuitry operates or ground noise can affect the absolute voltage level of the threshold at any instant in time. Whether the variation is in the signal waveform or caused by this type of non-ideal circuit characteristic, the result is still a timing variation of the recovered clock signal.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">There are a number of sources of jitter. In signal transmission between equipment the primary cause is “reflections” of the signal caused by an impedance miss-match in the signal path. A miss-match can result from things like the impedance of a connector differing from the impedance of the cable, connector to PC board wiring, or circuit board conductors in series with the connector. The transmitting and receiving IC’s also contribute a finite amount of jitter to the signal.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Much like ripples on the surface of a pond, the “waves” add or subtract from each other in a complex changing pattern that results in changes to the shape of the transmitted [[waveform]]. These variations cause the waveform to cross the voltage threshold at different (relative) times than the transitions of the original signal; resulting in a time-domain distortion in the “recovered” output signal regardless of whether the distortion of the shape of the waveform was in the [[time domain]] or the [[amplitude domain]].</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">==Cables and Connectors==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">An example of an impedance matched connector is a 75 Ohm [[BNC]] connector typically used for [[Word Clock]] connections. When installed on cable such as RG-59 with a characteristic impedance of 75 Ohms, the impedance miss-match is minimized</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Because </del>of the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">difference between </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ideal signal and </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">real signal, </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">transition between a “0” and a “1” (between 0 Volts and 5 Volts) takes a finite amount </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">time; </del>which is <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">referred to as </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">“rise time” or the reciprocal “fall time</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">” Thus a threshold is needed </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">decide ''when'' the signal has changed from a “0” to a “1” (or vice-versa) and this is a voltage threshold which does not change, by design. If either the amplitude of the signal or the “slope” </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">rise/fall time</del>) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of the signal changes; the signal will cross the threshold at a ''different time''; thus effectively changing the amplitude variation into a timing variation</del>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">“Characteristic” [[impedance]] is the impedance </ins>of the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cable at </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">frequency or range of frequencies typically transmitted through </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cable. It is different than </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">DC resistance </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the cable, </ins>which is <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">typically in </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">range of 0</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">25 </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2 Ohms </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">depending mostly on cable length</ins>).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Likewise, variations in the voltage of the power supply on which the digital circuitry operates, or ground noise can also affect the absolute voltage level of the threshold at any instant in time.</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">==Termination==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">There are a number of sources of </del>jitter<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, and in signal </del>transmission <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">between equipment </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">primary cause is “reflections” of </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">signal caused by </del>impedance <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">miss-matches in the signal path result from things like connectors or differences in </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">impedance of </del>cable<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, wiring, or circuit board conductors on either side of a connector</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> Much like ripples on the surface of a pond</del>, the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">“waves” add or subtract from each other in </del>a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">complex changing pattern that results in changes to the shape </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the transmitted </del>[[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">waveform</del>]]<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. These variations cause the waveform to cross the voltage threshold at different (relative) times than the transitions of the original signal; resulting in </del>a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">time-domain distortion in the “recovered” output signal regardless of whether the distortion of the shape of the waveform was in the </del>[[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">time domain</del>]] <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">or the </del>[[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">amplitude domain</del>]].</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Proper [[termination]] is important to achieving low-</ins>jitter transmission<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. The termination at both </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">sending end and receiving end must match </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">characteristic </ins>impedance <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of </ins>the cable <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">to minimize reflections</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Most Word Clock cables are made with 75 Ohm [[coaxial]] cable</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">so </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">termination would typically be </ins>a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">form </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">75 Ohm resistor.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">For </ins>[[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">BNC</ins>]] <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">connections, </ins>a [[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">BNC Terminator</ins>]] <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">can be used in conjunction with a </ins>[[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">BNC T</ins>]] <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">to provide termination on inputs with no internal or selectable termination</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jitter For more information on jitter click here]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jitter For more information on jitter click here]</div></td></tr>
</table>Brad Johnsonhttps://lavryengineering.com/wiki/index.php?title=Jitter&diff=1583&oldid=prevBrad Johnson at 17:51, 12 April 20182018-04-12T17:51:10Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 17:51, 12 April 2018</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:Terminology]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:Terminology]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Audio conversion]]</ins></div></td></tr>
</table>Brad Johnsonhttps://lavryengineering.com/wiki/index.php?title=Jitter&diff=1581&oldid=prevBrad Johnson at 17:50, 12 April 20182018-04-12T17:50:10Z<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 17:50, 12 April 2018</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Basics==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Basics==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Because even "digital" signals are actually very high frequency analog signals, the receiving device must reconstruct the signal by means of some form of [[amplitude]] "[[threshold]]." Ideal digital signals have a "zero rise time and zero fall time" which means the change in voltage level between a "1" and a "0" requires no time. In digital circuitry, a "1" is represented by a voltage level very close to the power supply voltage; which in digital circuitry is typically a value like 5 Volts or 3.3 Volts. In the same circuitry, a “0” is represented by a voltage level very close to “0 Volts” or in other words <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">“</del>[[ground]].<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">” </del>In order to reduce power dissipation, power supply voltages are being reduced further; but that is beyond the scope of this discussion.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Because even "digital" signals are actually very high frequency analog signals, the receiving device must reconstruct the signal by means of some form of [[amplitude]] "[[threshold]]." Ideal digital signals have a "zero rise time and zero fall time" which means the change in voltage level between a "1" and a "0" requires no time. In digital circuitry, a "1" is represented by a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>voltage<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>level very close to the power supply voltage; which in digital circuitry is typically a value like 5 Volts or 3.3 Volts. In the same circuitry, a “0” is represented by a voltage level very close to “0 Volts” or in other words [[ground]]. In order to reduce <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>power dissipation<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>, power supply voltages are being reduced further; but that is beyond the scope of this discussion.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Because of the difference between the ideal signal and the real signal, the transition between a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">“1” </del>and a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">“0” </del>(between <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5 </del>Volts and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">0 </del>Volts) takes a finite amount of time; which is referred to as the “rise time” or “fall time.” Thus a threshold is needed to decide ''when'' the signal has changed from a “0” to a “1” (or vice-versa) and this is a voltage <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(amplitude) </del>threshold which does not change, by design. If either the amplitude of the signal or the “slope” (rise/fall time) of the signal changes; the signal will cross the threshold at a ''different time''; thus effectively changing the amplitude variation into a timing variation.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Because of the difference between the ideal signal and the real signal, the transition between a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">“0” </ins>and a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">“1” </ins>(between <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">0 </ins>Volts and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5 </ins>Volts) takes a finite amount of time; which is referred to as the “rise time” or <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the reciprocal </ins>“fall time.” Thus a threshold is needed to decide ''when'' the signal has changed from a “0” to a “1” (or vice-versa) and this is a voltage threshold which does not change, by design. If either the amplitude of the signal or the “slope” (rise/fall time) of the signal changes; the signal will cross the threshold at a ''different time''; thus effectively changing the amplitude variation into a timing variation.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There are a number of sources of jitter, and in signal transmission between equipment<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </del>the primary cause is “reflections” of the signal by impedance miss-matches in the signal path <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">caused by </del>things like connectors or differences in the impedance of cable, wiring, or circuit board conductors on either side of a connector. Much like ripples on the surface of a pond, the “waves” add or subtract from each other in a complex changing pattern that results in changes to the shape of the transmitted [[waveform]]. These variations cause the waveform to cross the voltage threshold at different times than the transitions of the original signal; resulting in a time-domain distortion regardless of whether the distortion of the shape of the waveform was in the [[time domain]] or the [[amplitude domain]].</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Likewise, variations in the voltage of the power supply on which the digital circuitry operates, or ground noise can also affect the absolute voltage level of the threshold at any instant in time.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There are a number of sources of jitter, and in signal transmission between equipment the primary cause is “reflections” of the signal <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">caused </ins>by impedance miss-matches in the signal path <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">result from </ins>things like connectors or differences in the impedance of cable, wiring, or circuit board conductors on either side of a connector. Much like ripples on the surface of a pond, the “waves” add or subtract from each other in a complex changing pattern that results in changes to the shape of the transmitted [[waveform]]. These variations cause the waveform to cross the voltage threshold at different <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(relative) </ins>times than the transitions of the original signal; resulting in a time-domain distortion <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in the “recovered” output signal </ins>regardless of whether the distortion of the shape of the waveform was in the [[time domain]] or the [[amplitude domain]].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jitter For more information on jitter click here]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jitter For more information on jitter click here]</div></td></tr>
</table>Brad Johnsonhttps://lavryengineering.com/wiki/index.php?title=Jitter&diff=1580&oldid=prevBrad Johnson at 17:37, 12 April 20182018-04-12T17:37:32Z<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 17:37, 12 April 2018</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Line 1:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Overview==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Overview==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The term "<nowiki>jitter</nowiki>" is used to describe variations in a periodic signal, which can be in the frequency, [[amplitude]], or [[phase]] of the signal in relationship to the idea waveform or the waveform at the point of generation. In digital audio; one of the most problematic issues involving jitter is in "clock recovery" from signals transmitted between equipment. If jitter in the recovered clock signal affects the clocking of conversion, even small amounts of jitter can effectively reduce the resolution far below the theoretical limits of 16-24 bit conversion.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The term "<nowiki>jitter</nowiki>" is used to describe variations in a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>periodic<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>signal, which can be in the frequency, [[amplitude]], or [[phase]] of the signal in relationship to the idea <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>waveform<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>or the waveform at the point of generation. In digital audio; one of the most problematic issues involving jitter is in "clock recovery" from signals transmitted between equipment. If jitter in the recovered clock signal affects the clocking of conversion, even small amounts of jitter can effectively reduce the resolution far below the theoretical limits of 16-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>24 bit<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>conversion.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Basics==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Basics==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Because even "digital" signals are actually very high frequency analog signals, the receiving device must reconstruct the signal by means of some form of amplitude "[[threshold]]." Ideal digital signals have a "zero rise time and zero fall time" which means the change in voltage level between a "1" and a "0" requires no time. In digital circuitry, a "1" is represented by a voltage level very close to the power supply voltage; which in digital circuitry is typically a value like 5 Volts or 3.3 Volts. In the same circuitry, a “0” is represented by a voltage level very close to “0 Volts” or in other words “[[ground]].” In order to reduce power dissipation, power supply voltages are being reduced further; but that is beyond the scope of this discussion.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Because even "digital" signals are actually very high frequency analog signals, the receiving device must reconstruct the signal by means of some form of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>amplitude<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>"[[threshold]]." Ideal digital signals have a "zero rise time and zero fall time" which means the change in voltage level between a "1" and a "0" requires no time. In digital circuitry, a "1" is represented by a voltage level very close to the power supply voltage; which in digital circuitry is typically a value like 5 Volts or 3.3 Volts. In the same circuitry, a “0” is represented by a voltage level very close to “0 Volts” or in other words “[[ground]].” In order to reduce power dissipation, power supply voltages are being reduced further; but that is beyond the scope of this discussion.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Because of the difference between the ideal signal and the real signal, the transition between a “1” and a “0” (between 5 Volts and 0 Volts) takes a finite amount of time; which is referred to as the “rise time” or “fall time.” Thus a threshold is needed to decide ''when'' the signal has changed from a “0” to a “1” (or vice-versa) and this is a voltage (amplitude) threshold which does not change, by design. If either the amplitude of the signal or the “slope” (rise/fall time) of the signal changes; the signal will cross the threshold at a ''different time''; thus effectively changing the amplitude variation into a timing variation.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Because of the difference between the ideal signal and the real signal, the transition between a “1” and a “0” (between 5 Volts and 0 Volts) takes a finite amount of time; which is referred to as the “rise time” or “fall time.” Thus a threshold is needed to decide ''when'' the signal has changed from a “0” to a “1” (or vice-versa) and this is a voltage (amplitude) threshold which does not change, by design. If either the amplitude of the signal or the “slope” (rise/fall time) of the signal changes; the signal will cross the threshold at a ''different time''; thus effectively changing the amplitude variation into a timing variation.</div></td></tr>
</table>Brad Johnsonhttps://lavryengineering.com/wiki/index.php?title=Jitter&diff=1436&oldid=prevBrad Johnson at 23:40, 18 July 20172017-07-18T23:40:03Z<p></p>
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</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l9" >Line 9:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There are a number of sources of jitter, and in signal transmission between equipment, the primary cause is “reflections” of the signal by impedance miss-matches in the signal path caused by things like connectors or differences in the impedance of cable, wiring, or circuit board conductors on either side of a connector. Much like ripples on the surface of a pond, the “waves” add or subtract from each other in a complex changing pattern that results in changes to the shape of the transmitted [[waveform]]. These variations cause the waveform to cross the voltage threshold at different times than the transitions of the original signal; resulting in a time-domain distortion regardless of whether the distortion of the shape of the waveform was in the [[time domain]] or the [[amplitude domain]].</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There are a number of sources of jitter, and in signal transmission between equipment, the primary cause is “reflections” of the signal by impedance miss-matches in the signal path caused by things like connectors or differences in the impedance of cable, wiring, or circuit board conductors on either side of a connector. Much like ripples on the surface of a pond, the “waves” add or subtract from each other in a complex changing pattern that results in changes to the shape of the transmitted [[waveform]]. These variations cause the waveform to cross the voltage threshold at different times than the transitions of the original signal; resulting in a time-domain distortion regardless of whether the distortion of the shape of the waveform was in the [[time domain]] or the [[amplitude domain]].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jitter For more information on <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the </del>jitter click here]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jitter For more information on jitter click here]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://lavryengineering.com/pdfs/Clock_Jitter_and_Clock_Accuracy_for_Digital_Audio.pdf For more information on the effect of jitter in conversion click here]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://lavryengineering.com/pdfs/Clock_Jitter_and_Clock_Accuracy_for_Digital_Audio.pdf For more information on the effect of jitter in conversion click here]</div></td></tr>
</table>Brad Johnsonhttps://lavryengineering.com/wiki/index.php?title=Jitter&diff=1435&oldid=prevBrad Johnson at 23:39, 18 July 20172017-07-18T23:39:18Z<p></p>
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</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l13" >Line 13:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://lavryengineering.com/pdfs/Clock_Jitter_and_Clock_Accuracy_for_Digital_Audio.pdf For more information on the effect of jitter in conversion click here]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://lavryengineering.com/pdfs/Clock_Jitter_and_Clock_Accuracy_for_Digital_Audio.pdf For more information on the effect of jitter in conversion click here]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.lavryengineering.com/products/pro-audio/sync-16.html For more information on <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the </del>low-jitter clocks click here] </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.lavryengineering.com/products/pro-audio/sync-16.html For more information on low-jitter clocks click here] </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:Terminology]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:Terminology]]</div></td></tr>
</table>Brad Johnsonhttps://lavryengineering.com/wiki/index.php?title=Jitter&diff=1434&oldid=prevBrad Johnson at 23:38, 18 July 20172017-07-18T23:38:36Z<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 23:38, 18 July 2017</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l11" >Line 11:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 11:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jitter For more information on the jitter click here]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jitter For more information on the jitter click here]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://lavryengineering.com/pdfs/Clock_Jitter_and_Clock_Accuracy_for_Digital_Audio.pdf For more information on the effect of jitter <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">on </del>conversion click here]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://lavryengineering.com/pdfs/Clock_Jitter_and_Clock_Accuracy_for_Digital_Audio.pdf For more information on the effect of jitter <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in </ins>conversion click here]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.lavryengineering.com/products/pro-audio/sync-16.html For more information on the low-jitter clocks click here] </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.lavryengineering.com/products/pro-audio/sync-16.html For more information on the low-jitter clocks click here] </div></td></tr>
</table>Brad Johnsonhttps://lavryengineering.com/wiki/index.php?title=Jitter&diff=1433&oldid=prevBrad Johnson at 23:38, 18 July 20172017-07-18T23:38:10Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 23:38, 18 July 2017</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l13" >Line 13:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://lavryengineering.com/pdfs/Clock_Jitter_and_Clock_Accuracy_for_Digital_Audio.pdf For more information on the effect of jitter on conversion click here]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://lavryengineering.com/pdfs/Clock_Jitter_and_Clock_Accuracy_for_Digital_Audio.pdf For more information on the effect of jitter on conversion click here]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.lavryengineering.com/products/pro-audio/sync-16.html <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">pdf </del>For more information on the low-jitter clocks click here] </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.lavryengineering.com/products/pro-audio/sync-16.html For more information on the low-jitter clocks click here] </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:Terminology]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:Terminology]]</div></td></tr>
</table>Brad Johnsonhttps://lavryengineering.com/wiki/index.php?title=Jitter&diff=1432&oldid=prevBrad Johnson at 23:37, 18 July 20172017-07-18T23:37:34Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 23:37, 18 July 2017</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l11" >Line 11:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 11:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jitter For more information on the jitter click here]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jitter For more information on the jitter click here]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://lavryengineering.com/pdfs/Clock_Jitter_and_Clock_Accuracy_for_Digital_Audio.pdf For more information on the jitter <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">effects in </del>conversion click here]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://lavryengineering.com/pdfs/Clock_Jitter_and_Clock_Accuracy_for_Digital_Audio.pdf For more information on the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">effect of </ins>jitter <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">on </ins>conversion click here]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.lavryengineering.com/products/pro-audio/sync-16.html pdf For more information on the low-jitter clocks click here] </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.lavryengineering.com/products/pro-audio/sync-16.html pdf For more information on the low-jitter clocks click here] </div></td></tr>
</table>Brad Johnson